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Low-dose radiation, when applied multiple times to the whole body during several weeks, has been observed to produce a cancer therapeutic effect. The survival of cancer patients treated with low-dose radiation is similar to (Chaffey et al., 1976; Hoppe et al., 1981) or better than (Choi et al., 1979; Pollycove, 2007) the survival of patients treated with chemotherapy (see the Figures below). Since cancer patients treated with chemotherapy have better survival compared to untreated cancer patients (Huchcroft and Snodgrass, 1993), it is clear that chemotherapy has a cancer therapeutic effect. Hence, low-dose radiation applied repeatedly also has a cancer therapeutic effect and not a carcinogenic effect.

Note: Difference between the two curves is not significant.

There is also additional evidence which shows the cancer therapeutic effect of repeated applications of low-dose radiation (10 cGy or 15 cGy) to the whole body or half of the body (Mendenhall et al., 1989;…

In this study (Davis et al., 1989), the all cancer mortality rate was reported for TB patients who were exposed to fluoroscopic radiation and those who were not exposed to the radiation.

Note: SMR = Standardized Mortality Ratio

Based on the data, for the fluoroscopically exposed patients, males and females combined, the observed cancer deaths were 424 and the expected cancer deaths were 404, resulting in a SMR of 1.05.

For the unexposed patients, the observed cancer deaths were 620 whereas the expected cancer deaths were 483, resulting in a SMR of 1.28

Hence the SMR for fluoroscopied patients can be shown to be:

A small amount of radiation (low-dose radiation) would cause a small amount of DNA damage which can result in mutations. However, DNA damage and mutations happen all the time even without radiation exposure, because of natural processes in our bodies, and this damage is much more than the damage that occurs due to low-dose radiation (Pollycove et al. 2003; Vilenchik et al. 2003).

Our bodies respond to the small amount of damage from low-dose radiation by increasing defenses like antioxidants, DNA repair enzymes, immune system responses, apoptosis, etc. (Feinendegen et al. 2013).

The boosted defenses would reduce the DNA damage and mutations during the subsequent period. The boosted defenses would also repair and reduce not only the damage caused by the low-dose radiation but also the naturally occurring DNA damage. The naturally occurring damage is much more than that caused by low-dose radiation (Pollycove et al. 2003; Vilenchik et al.…

Improved survival of non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma patients was observed when they were subjected to 10 or 15 cGy total-body or half-body irradiation (TBI or HBI) interspersed between radiation treatments to the tumor (Total dose=1.5 Gy) (Sakamoto, 2004).

These data indicate that low radiation doses reduce the cancer risk consistent with radiation hormesis and contradicting the LNT model.

Tumors outside the HBI field also regressed in response to the repeated LDR exposures (Pollycove 2007), indicating that the the cancer therapeutic effect was due to a systemic response (e.g. immune enhancement), and not due to tumor cell-killing from the total dose of 1.5 Gy.

References

SAKAMOTO, K. Radiobiological basis for cancer therapy by total or half-body irradiation. Nonlinearity Biol Toxicol Med, v. 2, n. 4, p. 293-316, Oct 2004. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19330149

Second cancers per kg of tissue is lower in parts of body exposed to low-dose radiation in radiation therapy patients when compared to the parts of the body that had no radiation exposre

This study (Tubiana et al., 2011) was carried out on a French-United Kingdom cohort of 5,000 survivors of a childhood cancer cohort treated in eight centers in France and the UK before 1985 and followed on average for 29 years. Second cancers per kg of tissue were determined and plotted as a function of the average radiation dose to the tissue during radiation therapy.

Reduction of second cancers per kg of tissue was observed in regions of body subjected to radiation dose of ~20 cGy during radiation therapy, in comparison to regions not subjected to any radiation dose.

These data indicate that low radiation doses reduce the cancer risk consistent with radiation hormesis and contradicting the LNT…

Immune system plays a very important role in preventing cancer, as indicated by the increase in the cancer risk when the immune system is suppressed in organ-transplant recipients and AIDS patients (Oliveira Cobucci, 2012).

Immune system response declines rapidly with age (Levin, 2014), qualitatively explaining the well-known age-related increase in cancers risk.

Low-dose radiation boosts the immune system response (see graph below) (Yang, 2014)

and so would reduce cancer risk.

Many publications have claimed that increased residential radon levels increase lung cancer risk. However, there is a major problem with such publications.

Whereas high-dose radiation, received in a short time, has been observed to increase cancer risk as observed in the atomic bomb survivors, low radiation doses have been observed to reduce the cancer risk in many studies (Berrington et al, 2001; Doss, 2018; Linet et al, 2017; Pollycove & Feinendegen, 2008; Sponsler & Cameron, 2005). In view of such data, it would not be appropriate to use the linear no-threshold (LNT) model for analyzing the radon-lung cancer data in order to determine the dose-response shape or to estimate the lung cancer risk due to low levels of residential radon. Therefore, a vast majority of the publications on radon and lung cancer risk, which utilize the LNT model for analyzing the data, including meta-analyses of such publications, do not have…

In 1982, several Co-60 sources were accidentally recycled by the steel scrap industry in northern Taiwan and resulted in contaminated steel products that were used to construct many apartment buildings. The residents of the apartment buildings received exposure to low-level radiation due to the contaminated steel in the buildings for many years.

A few reports have been published regarding the cancer rates in this population group.

The first report by Hwang et al. (Hwang et al., 2006), reported that the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers (for males and females) of the irradiated population was reduced, in comparison to an age-gender matched Taiwanese population (see Part of Table III shown below):

In two later reports on the same cohort, (Hwang et al., 2008) and (Hsieh et al., 2017), the authors reported that some additional cancers were observed with the increased follow-up in the population group. However, instead of comparing…